State of the Art in the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Upper Urothelial Cancer

Upper urothelial cancer (UUT) is not a common neoplasm. It's a biological potential expressed as a more frequent occurrence in patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). Analgesic nephropathy was discussed in this paper too. The most important facts and dilemmas in the evaluation, treatment and follow-up of patients with UUT were analyzed. Diagnosis is still most frequently performed by excretory urography and retrograde pyelography. Additional diagnostic tools like ureteroscopy, CT are helpful and even more sensitive but not always approachable. The therapeutic strategy is based on radical operation. Organ sparing surgery must be carefully evaluated especially in patients from the regions of BEN because of different biological behavior of UUT and less expressed malignancy.